Candida species and other yeasts in the oral cavities of type 2 diabeticpatients in Cali, Colombia / Especies de candida y otras levaduras en la cavidad oral de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en Cali, Colombia

Objective:To determine the prevalence ofCandidaspeciesand to study factors associated to oral cavity colonization inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods:A total of 107 diabetics were classified into contro-lled and uncontrolled according to glycosylated hemoglobinvalues. Each patient was assessed for stimulated salivary flowrates, pH, and an oral rinse to search for yeast. The study alsodetermined the state of oral health via Klein and Palmer CPOindexes for permanent dentition, dental plaque by O’Leary,and a periodontal chart.Results:We found yeasts in 74.8 percent of the patients. A total of 36of the 52 subjects with controlled diabetes presented yeasts and44 in the uncontrolled; no significant differences (p = 0.2) werenoted among the presence of yeasts and the control of bloodglucose. The largest number of isolates corresponded toC. al-bicans, followed byC. parapsilosis.Uncontrolled individualspresented a significantly higher percentage of yeast differentfromC. albicans(p = 0.049).Conclusions:We found a high percentage of Candida colo-nization and uncontrolled individuals had greater diversityof species. The wide range of CFU/ml found both in patientswith oral candidiasis, as well as in those without it did not per-mit distinguishing between colonization and disease. We onlyfound association between isolation of yeasts and the low rateof salivary flow.

Determination of the prevalence of hemoglobin S, C, D, and G in neonates from Buenaventura, Colombia / Determinación de la prevalencia de la hemoglobina S, C, D y G en recién nacidos de Buenaventura, Colombia

Introduction: Inherited hemoglobinopathies are common among African Blacks. In Buenaventura, a city on Colombia’s Pacific coast, where 92% of the population is Afro-Colombian, there are few published attempts to identify these disorders. Affected individuals require more health care due to higher morbidity and mortality. Early identification of these newborns followed by comprehensive care is important to reduce co-morbidities. Objective: To study newborns and establish the numbers at risk with a bloodspot screening method. This information will demonstrate to Public Health Authorities the need to provide care for this population. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of a sample of 399 newborns (95% CI) where there is an expected prevalence of 10% of abnormal hemoglobins. Mothers in at least the 36th week of gestation, living in the urban area of Buenaventura, were used. Umbilical cord blood was drawn and specimens fixed on filter paper and stored at 4°C. Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis assays were used to separate the hemoglobins. The results were reported according to the identified hemoglobin as F, A, S, C, D, and G. Results: We processed 399 samples, 353 (88.5%) were normal (hemoglobin FA), 23 (5.8%) were heterozygous for hemoglobin C (FAC), 19 (4.8%) were heterozygous for hemoglobin S (FAS), 2 (0.5%) were heterozygous for hemoglobin G (FAG), 1 was heterozygous for hemoglobin D (FAD) and 1 was heterozygous combined S and C (FSC). Conclusion: Hemoglobins S, C, D, and G are common among infants born in Buenaventura. Hemoglobin C occurred more frequently than in other reported studies. This study suggests that both detection and a follow-up program are required in areas with a high density of Afro-Colombian population.

Introducción: Las hemoglobinopatías son entidades muy frecuentes en el África negra. En Buenaventura, ciudad de la costa pacífica colombiana con una población 92% afrocolombiana, hay pocas publicaciones identificando esta patología. Las poblaciones afectadas requieren cuidados especiales por su alta mortalidad y morbilidad. La identificación temprana desde el periodo neonatal y los programas de cuidado integral se imponen en poblaciones de alta prevalencia. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia en Buenaventura de hemoglobinas S, C, D y G con un modelo de tamizaje neonatal. La información colectada servirá para sustentar recomendaciones a las autoridades de salud pública. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 399 neonatos para una prevalencia esperada del 10% (IC 95%), con madres residentes del área urbana de Buenaventura y 36 semanas o más de gestación. Se tomó muestra de sangre de cordón umbilical fijada en papel filtro y almacenada a 4°C. La técnica de electroforesis de punto isoeléctrico sirvió para la separación de las hemoglobinas. Los resultados se informaron de acuerdo a las hemoglobinas identificadas F, A, S, C, D y G.Resultados: Se procesaron 399 muestras de cordón. El 88.5% (353) de las muestras fueron normales (hemoglobina FA), 23 (5.8%) fueron heterocigotos para hemoglobina C (FAC), 19 (4.8%) fueron heterocigotos para hemoglobina S (FAS), 2 (0.5%) fueron heterocigotos para hemoglobina G (FAG), 1 fue heterocigoto para hemoglobina D (FAD) y 1 fue heterocigoto combinado S y C (FSC). Conclusión: Hemoglobinas S, C, D y G son frecuentes entre los neonatos de Buenaventura. La hemoglobina C fue más frecuente que en estudios previos, probablemente por sesgos en la selección de la muestra de dichos estudios. Se sugiere a las autoridades de salud pública la ampliación del programa de tamizaje de enfermedades congénitas como las hemoglobinopatías.